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Mechanism through which sub-surface predators benefit seabirds during MPFAs: (a) sub-surface predators herd prey towards the surface and make it accessible; (b) sub-surface predators indicate prey position; (c) predators reduce prey group cohesion, making prey more vulnerable to subsequent attacks; (d) sub-surface predators produce immobilized prey and food scraps; (e) multiple predators split the attention of prey and thereby decrease the efficiency of escape.
