Table 3.
Independent and joint associations of ASM/BW and relative HGS with metabolic syndrome (continuous models)
| Model | Variable | Male OR (95% CI) | p | Female OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A: ASM/BW alone | |||||
| ASM/BW (per 0.01 kg/kg ↑) | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Model B: Relative HGS alone | |||||
| Relative HGS (per 0.01 kg/kg ↑) | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 | |
| Model C: Joint model — both entered simultaneously | |||||
| ASM/BW (per 0.01 kg/kg ↑) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | <0.001 | |
| ASM/BW (per 1-SD ↑) | 0.59 (0.49–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.61–0.84) | <0.001 | |
| Relative HGS (per 0.01 kg/kg ↑) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.009 | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 | |
| Relative HGS (per 1-SD ↑) | 0.80 (0.67–0.94) | 0.009 | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | <0.001 | |
All models adjusted for age (continuous), education level, household income, residential area, BMI category (<25 vs ≥25 kg/m²), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Models A and B each entered ASM/BW and relative HGS separately into independent models. Model C (joint model) entered both indices simultaneously to assess their independent contributions after mutual adjustment. ORs per 0.01 kg/kg increment and per 1-SD increment are both derived from Model C; the per 1-SD metric enables standardized comparison of effect sizes between the two indices
All analyses used survey-weighted logistic regression accounting for the complex sampling design of KNHANES
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BW, body weight; HGS, handgrip strength; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; Relative HGS, absolute handgrip strength divided by body weight (kg/kg)