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. 2026 Oct 17;91(1):346. doi: 10.1007/s12020-026-04804-3

Fig. 3.

The figure presents odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome risk across four muscle mass–strength groups compared to the reference group with high muscle mass and high strength. Data are shown separately for men and women, stratified by age groups 40 to 64 years and 65 years or older, and by body mass index categories below 25 and 25 or higher. For men aged 40 to 64, odds ratios for the groups with high muscle mass and low strength, low muscle mass and high strength, and low muscle mass and low strength are approximately 1.72, 2.69, and 3.30 respectively, with the latter two statistically significant. For men aged 65 and older, only the low muscle mass and low strength group shows a significant odds ratio of about 2.83. Among men with BMI under 25, the low muscle mass and high strength and low muscle mass and low strength groups have significant odds ratios of about 2.11 and 3.89 respectively. For men with BMI 25 or higher, only the low muscle mass and low strength group shows a significant odds ratio near 2.54. For women aged 40 to 64, all three groups show significant increased odds ratios ranging from about 1.98 to 2.67. Women aged 65 and older show a significant odds ratio of about 2.10 only in the low muscle mass and low strength group. Among women with BMI under 25, the low muscle mass and high strength and low muscle mass and low strength groups have significant odds ratios near 2.15 and 2.76. For women with BMI 25 or higher, the high muscle mass and low strength and low muscle mass and low strength groups have significant odds ratios around 2.49 and 2.23. No significant interactions were detected between muscle mass–strength groups and age or BMI categories.

Subgroup analyses of the association between muscle mass–strength groups and metabolic syndrome in men (A) and women (B). Odds ratios (95% CI) for HM-LS, LM-HS, and LM-LS relative to HM-HS, stratified by age (40–64 vs ≥65 years) and BMI ( < 25 vs ≥25 kg/m²). No significant interaction was detected (all p > 0.05). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001