TABLE 4.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis for each threshold of seizure reduction at 12+ months.
| Variable | 12+ months | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Seizure freedom | >90% reduction | ≥50% reduction | |
| Epilepsy onset to surgery (1‐year increase) | .92 [.86–.98]* | .96 [.91–1.01] | .97 [.92–1.02] |
| Lesion present (vs. not) | 2.14 [1.08–4.36]* | 1.32 [.76–2.30] | .83 [.50–1.36] |
| Abnormal neurological exam (vs. normal) | .52 [.27–1.00] | .54 [.30–.97]* | .81 [.47–1.38] |
| 3+ ASMs (vs. 0–2) | 1.24 [.68–2.29] | .98 [.58–1.67] | .97 [.60–1.58] |
| Generalized seizure (vs. focal) | 1.23 [.59–2.61] | .94 [.52–1.74] | .91 [.53–1.55] |
| Unknown seizure (vs. focal) | 1.31 [.38–4.37] | 1.70 [.58–1.67] | 3.09 [.93–14.10] |
| >1 seizure type (vs. 1) | 1.55 [.84–2.92] | 1.08 [.63–1.86] | 1.14 [.68–1.89] |
| Corpus callosotomy (vs. other) | .25 [.08–.78]* | .19 [.06–.56]* | .45 [.14–1.33] |
| Hemispherotomy (vs. other) | 1.36 [.41–4.57] | .80 [.22–2.85] | 1.49 [.35–6.84] |
| Lobectomy (vs. other) | 1.11 [.39–3.17] | .49 [.15–1.47] | .77 [.22–2.60] |
| Lesionectomy (vs. other) | .65 [.25–1.72] | .70 [.23–2.02] | 1.19 [.35–3.90] |
| DBS (vs. other) | – | – | .18 [.03–.87]* |
| RNS (vs. other) | .16 [.05–.48]* | .13 [.04–.36]* | .35 [.11–.96]* |
| VNS (vs. other) | .05 [.01–.17]* | .07 [.02–.20]* | .20 [.07–.53]* |
Note: Each column represents a separate model for a specified binary outcome (e.g., ≥50% vs. <50% seizure reduction). Each cell contains the odds ratio point estimate [95% confidence interval] representing each covariate's impact on the odds of a patient achieving a specified level of seizure reduction. The sample size of DBS patients was too small to calculate an odds ratio for seizure freedom and >90% seizure reduction. There was no significant association between epilepsy duration and any threshold of seizure reduction in the 6–12‐month follow‐up period.
Abbreviations: ASM, antiseizure medicine; DBS, deep brain stimulation; RNS, responsive neurostimulation; VNS, vagal nerve stimulation.
*p < .05.