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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Oct 9.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2026 Sep 16;191:106984. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106984

Fig. 1. Models of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Fig. 1.

(Left) Traditional model of the ANS, with parasympathetic nerves in blue, and sympathetic nerves in orange. (Right) Integrated model of the ANS based on contemporary evidence, in which functional roles are not assigned to distinct anatomical regions but are instead distributed and mixed along the neuraxis.