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. 2026 Jul 8;12:29. doi: 10.1186/s41205-026-00334-w

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Preoperative surgical planning using 3d models preoperative planning is conducted using Mimics Medical software, which creates a 3D spinal model from the patient’s CT and MRI data. This model provides decision support for the optimal trajectory, length, and diameter of the pedicle screws