. 2026 Sep 18;17(1):2698214. doi: 10.1080/19491034.2026.2698214

Table 1.

Insights into telomere positioning throughout the cell cycle in somatic cells of different model systems.

Cell cycle stage	Telomere position	Telomeric factor involved	Other factors involved	Organism	Cellular system	Techniques	Type of evidence	Ref
Interphase	Nucleoplasm			M. musculus	Lymphocyte	FISH on FACS sorted cells	Localization	[205]
Prophase	Bimodal distribution: some cluster at the center some are peripheral			M. musculus	Lymphocyte	FISH on FACS sorted cells	Localization	[205]
Interphase	Nucleoplasm in association with nuclear matrix	TRF	Nuclear matrix	H. sapiens	HeLa	FISH; Biochemical assays; IF-FISH	Localization; biochemistry	[206]
Lateanaphase-early G1	Reforming nuclear envelope (distances < 500 nm)	Rap1	SUN1	H. sapiens	IMR-90 and HeLa	Live cell imaging tagged TRF1; Co-IF TRF1-Lamin A/C; FISH-IF; modified telomeric ChIP; Co-IP tagged Rap1-Sun1	Localization; biochemistry	[207]
Interphase G2	Away from nuclear envelope			H. sapiens	HeLa	3D SIM and 3D modelling	Localization	[208]
Early anaphase	Reforming nuclear envelope		BAF-Lap2a	H. sapiens	HeLa, NRK	Co-IF TRF2-Lap2a; Co-IF Lap2a-BAF; Co-IP Lap2a-BAF	Localization; biochemistry	[161]
Pro-metaphasemetaphase	metaphasic plate	TRF1	TNKS1	H. sapiens	HeLa	FISH	Localization	[41] [42]
Metaphase		TRF1 level increases and it is located at mitotic spindle and at centrosomes	Microtubules EBP1; Mad1 and Nek2 TAP68;	H. sapiens; M. musculus	HeLa	Co-IF TRF1-tubulin; in vitro enzymatic tests; IP and GST-pull down Co-IP and GST pull down TRF1-EBP1; yeast-two hybrid;in vitro biochemical assay;Co-IF TRF1-TAP68; Co-IP TRF1-TAP68	Localization; biochemistry	[209,210] [211,212]
Interphase	Nuclear envelope	POT1	SUN1; GEI-17	C. elegans	Embryo; differentiated cells	FISH; IF-FISH; FISH in mutant strains	Localization; localization on perturbed strains	[213]
Interphase	Nuclear envelope	Taz1-Rap1	Bqt4-Bqt3; Man1, Lem2	S. pombe		Yeast two-hybrid assay;IF;mutant strains;FISH	Localization; biochemistry; functional analysis of perturbed strains	[214,215]
Mitosis	Away from nuclear envelope	Cdc2 dependent P of Rap1	Bqt4-Bqt3	S. pombe		Biochemical analysis; IF	Localization; biochemistry	[216]
Interphase	Nuclear envelope	yKu70-Ku80; Sir3 and Sir4	Mps3; Tlc1; Est1; Est2 (S-phase) Esc1p; SUMO E3 ligase Siz2	S. cerevisiae		Live cell imaging; FISH; mutant strains	Localization; biochemistry; functional analysis of perturbed strains	[217–224]
From late S-phase to the end of mitosis	Away from nuclear envelope	yKu70-Ku80;	DNA replication factors	S. cerevisiae		Live cell imaging; mutants strains	Localization; localization on perturbed strains	[225]
Interphase	Nuclear envelope	TEBP $α$ -TEBP $β$	SNS I-III	S. lemnae (ciliate)		In vivo and in vitro; RNAi experiments	Functional analysis of perturbed strains	[226–228]
From late S-phase to the end of mitosis	Away from nuclear envelope	TEBP $α$ -TEBP $β$	SNS I-III	S. lemnae (ciliate)		Biochemical studies	Biochemistry	[226–228]
Ana-telophase	Spindle pole		microtubules	T. brucei		FISH	Localization	[229]
Interphase	Cluster at NE		NUP1 - NUP2	T. brucei		FISH; IF-FISH; RNAi	localization; localization on perturbed strains	[229–231]
Interphase	Cluster at NE at a pole of the nucleus			P. sativum V. faba		FISH	Localization	[232]