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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 16.
Published in final edited form as: AJOB Empir Bioeth. 2026 Mar 6;17(1):20–29. doi: 10.1080/23294515.2026.2632088

Figure 3. Requirements by data steward type.

Figure 3.

Prior review: Only 15.4% (n = 38/246) of respondents reported government stewards requiring this, which is significantly less than the 38.1% (n = 93/244, z = 5.67, p<.001) for consortium and 42.6% (n = 26/61, z = 4.68, p<.001) for private data stewards; prior approval: Only 20.3% (n = 50/246) of respondents reported government stewards requiring this, which is significantly less than the 39.3% (n = 96/244, z = 4.6, p<.001) for consortium and 44.3% (n = 27/61, z = 3.86, p<.002) for private data stewards; Co-authorship: Only 15.9% (n = 39/246) of respondents reported government stewards requiring this, which is significantly less than the 45.1% (n = 110/244, z = 7.03, p<.001) for consortium and 45.9% (n = 28/61, z = 5.08, p<.001) for private data stewards; Embargo: Only 14.2% (n = 35/246) of respondents reported government stewards requiring this, which is significantly less than the 23.8% (n = 58/244, z = 2.69, p<.007) for consortium; few (19.7%, n = 12/61) respondents experienced this requirement with private data stewards, which was not significantly different from either government or consortium; limited dataset: both government and consortium stewards were less likely to require respondents only publish or release a limited dataset which was significantly less than government [(54.1%, n = 33/61) versus (23.2%, n = 57/246) (z = 4.75, p<.001) and consortium [29.5%, (n = 72/244, z = 3.61, p<.001)]; Citations: Only 32.8% (n = 20/61) of respondents reported private data stewards requiring this, which is significantly less than the 63.0% (n = 155/246, z = 4.26, p<.001) of government and the 63.5% (n = 155/244, z = 4.34, p<.001) of consortium.