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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 May 7;49(5):707–717. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.036

Table 1.

The various types of pulmonary fibrosis and proposed pathogenesis

Type of pulmonary fibrosis Stimuli Proposed pathogenic factors
Idiopathic Unknown Aberrant wound healing [9,10]; Profibrotic proteins, i.e., TGF-β [11–14]; oxidative stress [15–17]; initial inflammation [18–20];
Environmental/occupational Asbestos; silica; paraquat Particle transition metals, i.e., free iron, and oxidative stress [21,22]; inflammation [23–25]; profibrotic proteins, i.e., TGF-β [22,26];
Pharmacologic agents Bleomycin amiodarone Agent-induced alterations in oxidants/antioxidants [27–29];
Radiation-induced Radiation therapy to the chest oxidative stress [30]; Loss of antioxidants [31]; profibrotic proteins, i.e., TGF-β [32,33]; inflammation [34];
Hereditary familial IPF Genetic mutations Surfactant protein C and A1 [35], TERT and TERC genes [36]
Collagen vascular diseases Collagen abnormality Autoimmune tissue injury and aberrant matrix deposition [37,38].