. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Mar 21.

Published in final edited form as: J Dement Alzheimers Dis. 2024 Oct 14;1(2):87–97. doi: 10.3390/jdad1020006

Table 1.

List of FDA-approved ER stress inhibitors and their implications in neurological conditions.

Drug	Drug Class	Clinical Uses (FDA Approved)	Neurological Implication	Mechanism	Ref.
Rapamycin	mTOR Inhibitor	Cancer Diabetes Kidney Rejection	TBI Protection Anti-Inflammatory	Autophagy Activation	[36,37]
4-PBA and TUDCA	Chemical Chaperones	Urea cycle disorders Biliary Cholangitis	Ischemic Protectant Alzheimer’s Disease	Mitigates apoptotic promoters	[40,41]
Metformin	AMPK Activator	Diabetes	Neuroprotectant	BDNF Expression	[42]
Exenatide	GLP-1 Agonist	Diabetes	Glucose Homeostasis (Human Study)	ATF-4 Upregulation	[44]
Fenofibrate	PPAR Agonist	Dyslipidemia	Multiple Sclerosis ALS Ischemic Memory loss TBI	NF-kβ Suppression Anti-Inflammatory	[45–47]
Valsartan	ARBs	High Blood Pressure Heart Failure	Neuroprotectant	BDNF Expression	[37,38]