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. 2025 May 27;392(7):103616. doi: 10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103616

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Fig. 5 — Fentanyl induces severe apneas that correlate with loss in oxygen saturation. (A) Graphical representation of study design. The frequency of apneas in male and female CD-1 mice (n = 6 per group) was determined using vivoFlow whole-body plethysmography chambers supplied with air. (B) The number of total apneas from t = 0–15 minutes after injection by treatment group (females shown as circles, males as squares) was compared via one-way ANOVA (F(5, 29) = 13.54, P < .0001) with Tukey’s post hoc test. $A p n e a = T e > 2 [A v g . T e p o s t - i n j e c t i o n]$ . (C) The number of severe apneas from t = 0–15 minutes after injection by the treatment group (females shown as circles, males as squares) was compared via one-way ANOVA (F(5, 28) = 7.583, P < .001) with Tukey’s post hoc test. $S e v e r e A p n e a = T e > 2 [A v g . T i + T e p o s t - i n j e c t i o n]$ . (D) Pearson correlation (r=−0.84, R² = 0.71, P < .05) between the percentage of oxygen saturation (t = 10–15 minutes after injection) and the number of total apneas (t = 0–15 minutes after injection). Each data point is the average ± SEM per group. Linear equation: $y = - 0.44 x + 93.97$ . (E) Pearson correlation (r=−0.99, R² = 0.99, P < .0001) between the percentage of oxygen saturation (t = 10–15 minutes after injection) and the number of severe apneas (t = 0–15 minutes after injection). Linear equation: $y = - 2.54 x + 95.94$ . (F) Representative apneas from t = 0–15 minutes after injection. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗∗P < .0001 versus vehicle; ^⊹P < .05, ^⊹⊹P < .01, ^⊹⊹⊹⊹P < .0001 versus fentanyl alone.