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. 2025 Sep 21;15(10):357. doi: 10.1007/s13205-025-04530-z

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© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2025. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 9 — Study on the neuroprotective effects of the selected compounds on the SHSY5Y cell line. A, B Cell viability of adapalene and ranolazine on SH-SY5Y cells. C Adapalene and ranolazine enhance cell viability in SHSY5Y Cells subjected to OGD/R. ^ap < 0.05 compared to control, ^bp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R, ^cp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 5 μM ADA, ^dp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 10 μM ADA, ^ep < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 20 μM ADA, ^fp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 5 μM RAN, ^gp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 10 μM RAN, and.^hp < 0.05 compared to OGD/R + 20 μM RAN in their respective groups. All values are represented in the form of mean ± SD (n = 4). (One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test)