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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychologia. 2025 May 9;214:109168. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109168

Table 2.

Other Relevant Cognitive, Mood, and Personality Measures

Group Target Group Non-Target Group p-value without age p-value with age
Working memoryb 101.9 (16.9) 97.5 (17.1) .19 .32
Anxietya 3.7 (3.8) 7.9 (5.3) .01 .02
Self-Insightb −0.05 (1.9) 0.47 (1.2) .57 .82
Apathyb 0.64 (1.5) 0.53 (1.5) .81 .69

Notes. Means and standard deviations (in parentheses) are provided for all measures.

a

The target group reported significantly fewer anxiety symptoms than the non-target group even after controlling for age.

b

There were no significant group differences in working memory, levels of self-insight, or apathy after brain injury. These non-significant results remained the same after controlling for age.

Self-Insight scores reported in this table were reverse coded using the lack of insight “Change” ratings from the Iowa Scales of Personality Change, with lower scores indicating lower levels of self-insight after brain injury.

Note, we were missing the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Iowa Scales of Personality Change for several participants in the target group (missing n = 17 for Beck Anxiety Inventory and n = 15 for Self-Insight and Apathy) and non-target group (missing n = 17 for Beck Anxiety Inventory and n = 14 for Self-Insight and Apathy).