. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025 Jan 17;23(6):385–401. doi: 10.1038/s41579-024-01144-9

Table 2 |.

VP1-based norovirus vaccine candidates in clinical development

Company	Vaccine platform (expression system)	Adjuvant	Administration route	Genotypes	Development stage	Refs.
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd	Protein (Pichia pastoris)	Aluminium hydroxide	Intramuscular	GI.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.17	Phase I/II	NCT04563533 (ref. 193) and NCT06524947 (ref. 194)
Chengdu Kanghua Biological products Co., Ltd	Protein (Pichia pastoris)	Aluminium hydroxide	Intramuscular	GI.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.17	Phase I planned	NCT05805618 (ref. 195)
Hillevax, Inc. (nee Takeda Vaccines, Inc., Ligocyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)	Protein (Baculovirus)	Aluminium hydroxide	Intramuscular	GI.1, GII.4	Phase II	NCT01168401 (refs. 148,196–198), NCT01609257 (refs. 150,199–201), NCT02038907 (refs. 202,203), NCT02142504 (refs. 147.204,205), NCT02153112 (refs. 153,154,206), NCT02475278 (refs. 149,207,208), NCT02661490 (ref. 209), NCT02669121 (refs. 151,210,211), NCT03039790 (ref. 212), NCT05281094 (ref. 206), NCT05972733 (ref. 213) and NCT06007781 (ref. 214)
Icon Genetics GmbH	Protein (Nicotiana benthamiana)	None	Intramuscular	GI.4, GII.4	Phase I	NCT05508178 (refs. 160,161,215)
Moderna	mRNA lipid nanoparticle	None	Intramuscular	GI.3, GII.3, GII.4	Phase I	NCT05992935 (ref. 216) and NCT06592794 (ref. 217)
National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China	Protein (Hansenula polymorpha)	Aluminium hydroxide	Intramuscular	GI.1, GII.4	Phase III.	NCT04188691 (ref. 218), NCT04941261 (ref. 219) and NCT05916326 (ref. 220)
Vaxart, Inc.	Recombinant virus vector (replication-deficient, adenovirus type 5)	Double-stranded RNA hairpin	Oral	GI.1, GII.4	Phase II	NCT02868073 (refs. 221,222), NCT03125473 (ref. 223), NCT03897309 (ref. 224), NCT04854746 (ref. 225), NCT04875676 (ref. 226), NCT05212168 (refs. 158,227), NCT05213728 (ref. 228) and NCT05626803 (ref. 229)