Table 1.
Practice characteristics, clinician experience, and patient population by LAI use and mindset
| Parameter | Total | LAI use | Mindset | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 380 | High LAI usea n = 106 |
Low LAI useb n = 130 |
Early use n = 123 |
Severity reserved n = 88 |
Adherence reserved n = 113 |
LAI hesitant n = 56 |
||
| Practice characteristics, n (%) | ||||||||
| Setting | Community | 310 (82) | 82 (77) | 112 (86) | 103 (84) | 67 (76) §§ | 88 (78) § | 52 (93) |
| Academic | 70 (18) | 24 (23) | 18 (14) | 20 (16) | 21 (24) §§ | 25 (22) § | 4 (7) | |
| Location | Urban | 169 (44) | 51 (48) | 52 (40) | 53 (43) | 46 (52) | 49 (43) | 21 (38) |
| Suburban | 161 (42) | 39 (37) | 63 (48) | 48 (39) | 35 (40) | 52 (46) | 26 (46) | |
| Rural | 50 (13) | 16 (15) | 15 (12) | 22 (18) † | 7 (8) | 12 (11) | 9 (16) | |
| Focus | Entirely focused on patient care, rarely involved in research | 276 (73) | 67 (63)* | 101 (78) | 85 (69) | 65 (74) | 81 (72) | 45 (80) |
| Mostly patient care, some research | 89 (23) | 30 (28) | 26 (20) | 32 (26) | 16 (18) | 31 (27) | 10 (18) | |
| Mostly research, some patient care | 13 (3) | 8 (8)* | 2 (2) | 5 (4) | 6 (7) ‡ | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | |
| Entirely focused on research, rarely see patients | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | |
| I am evaluated and rewarded based on the outcomes of my patients | 101 (27) | 31 (29) | 29 (22) | 37 (30) | 20 (23) | 30 (27) | 14 (25) | |
| Support staff | ||||||||
| I have support staff to help resolve LAI access barriers, n (%) | 208 (55) | 63 (59) | 61 (47) | 83 (67) †,‡‡,§ | 45 (51) | 53 (47) | 27 (48) | |
| Number of support staff, mean (SD) | 6 (10) | 7 (7) | 6 (15) | 8 (12) ‡‡ | 7 (12) ‡ | 4 (4) | 5 (11) | |
| Tasks, n (%)a | Setting up appointments | 306 (81) | 88 (83) | 100 (77) | 105 (85) ‡,§ | 79 (90) ‡‡,§§ | 82 (73) | 40 (71) |
| Calling insurance companies | 238 (63) | 72 (68) | 82 (63) | 90 (73) ‡‡ | 63 (72) ‡‡ | 51 (45) | 34 (61) | |
| Giving injections | 237 (62) | 81 (76)** | 51 (39) | 98 (80) †,‡‡,§§ | 58 (66) §§ | 63 (56) §§ | 18 (32) | |
| Monitoring patient adherence, prescription pickups | 165 (43) | 62 (58)** | 39 (30) | 75 (61) ††,‡‡,§§ | 36 (41) | 40 (35) | 14 (25) | |
| Patient assessment and medication history | 118 (31) | 47 (44)** | 24 (18) | 56 (46) †,‡‡,§§ | 27 (31) § | 27 (24) | 8 (14) | |
| Other | 15 (4) | 3 (3) | 3 (2) | 4 (3) | 5 (6) | 4 (4) | 2 (4) | |
| None of the above | 34 (9) | 6 (6)* | 20 (15) | 4 (3) ‡‡,§§ | 3 (3) ‡‡,§§ | 16 (14) | 11 (20) | |
| Clinician experience, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Experience in psychiatric practice after training, years | 20 (11) | 19 (10) | 20 (12) | 20 (9) | 20 (10) | 21 (11) § | 17 (13) | |
| Patients with schizophrenia treated per month, estimated number | 58 (105) | 88 (159)** | 27 (34) | 99 (168) ††,‡‡,§§ | 50 (45) §§ | 38 (41) §§ | 18 (21) | |
| Time for a typical follow-up visit for a patient with schizophrenia, estimated minutes | 25 (9) | 26 (8) | 26 (9) | 25 (8) | 25 (10) | 26 (9) | 26 (8) | |
| Patient population, estimated proportion, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Patient race/ethnicity, estimated proportion | White | 50 (26) | 48 (25)** | 57 (29) | 48 (25) § | 49 (24) | 51 (26) | 58 (31) |
| Black | 25 (19) | 28 (18)* | 22 (21) | 28 (18) | 26 (19) | 24 (18) | 22 (25) | |
| Hispanic | 12 (13) | 12 (12) | 10 (13) | 13 (14) §§ | 13 (10) §§ | 13 (14) §§ | 7 (9) | |
| Asian | 4 (9) | 4 (5) | 4 (12) | 4 (5) § | 4 (7) | 5 (13) § | 2 (5) | |
| Middle Eastern | 2 (5) | 2 (6) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) | 2 (7) | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 (3) | 1 (5)* | < 1 (1) | 1 (4) | 1 (2) § | 1 (3) | < 1 (1) | |
| Multiracial/multiethnic | 4 (7) | 4 (6) | 4 (8) | 4 (6) | 4 (6) | 4 (7) | 5 (10) | |
| Other | 2 (9) | 1 (3) | 1 (7) | 1 (9) | 1 (3) | 1 (6) | 4 (16) | |
| Insurance coverage | Commercial | 28 (31) | 25 (27)* | 35 (36) | 23 (27) † | 31 (31) | 28 (32) | 34 (38) |
| Medicare | 27 (23) | 25 (19) | 27 (28) | 26 (19) | 32 (24) ‡ | 24 (23) | 23 (29) | |
| Medicaid | 36 (29) | 41 (25)** | 29 (32) | 43 (25) †† | 30 (26) | 36 (29) | 33 (36) | |
| Uninsured | 9 (17) | 9 (12) | 9 (21) | 8 (13) | 7 (11) ‡ | 12 (21) | 10 (24) | |
| Patients who have a caregiver | 53 (25) | 50 (24)** | 61 (27) | 45 (22) ††,‡‡,§§ | 54 (23) | 56 (26) | 61 (28) | |
| LAI use | ||||||||
| LAI use group, n (%) | High useb | 106 (28) | NA | 74 (60) ††,‡‡,§§ | 19 (22) §§ | 12 (11) §§ | 1 (2) | |
| Low usec | 130 (34) | 6 (5) ††,‡‡,§§ | 35 (40) §§ | 43 (38) §§ | 46 (82) | |||
| Patients with schizophrenia taking LAIs, estimated proportion, mean (SD) | 25 (21) | 53 (17)** | 5 (4) | 42 (20) ††,‡‡,§§ | 22 (16) §§ | 19 (16) §§ | 8 (15) | |
Bold font denotes significant values
*P <.05, **P <.01 vs. low LAI use; †P <.05, ††P <.01 vs. severity-reserved mindset; ‡P <.05, ‡‡P <.01 vs. adherence-reserved mindset; §P <.05, §§P <.01 vs. LAI-hesitant mindset
aRespondents could make ≥ 1 choice
bEstimated use in ≥ 30% of patients with schizophrenia
cEstimated use in ≤ 14% of patients with schizophrenia
LAI, long-acting injectable antipsychotic; NA, not applicable