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Principle of commonly used chemogenetic receptors. Stimulation of hM3Dq on the cell membrane with CNO initiates downstream signaling cascades that lead to cell depolarization (left). In contrast, stimulation of hM4Di on the cell membrane with CNO triggers downstream signaling cascades that result in cell hyperpolarization (middle). Stimulation of rM3Ds on the cell membrane with CNO triggers downstream signaling cascades that result in cell depolarization (right).
