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. 2025 Feb 26;292(2041):20242319. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2319

Table 2.

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) posterior estimations and credible intervals (89% and 95%) for sleep efficiency among global, cross-cultural populations. 'Industrial' is the reference category for society scale. Positive coefficients indicate greater sleep efficiency, while negative coefficients indicate lesser sleep efficiency. The model includes a multilevel structure, with country of the study population modelled as a random intercept to account for group-level variability. Column for '% negative' represents the proportion of posterior samples in each direction, and also highlights level of support with strong support designated at >95%.

predictor

estimate (s.e.)

89% CI

95% CI

% negative (support)

intercept

87.91 (1.92)

(84.76, 90.95)

(83.98, 91.57)

society scale: non-industrial

−14.01 (2.86)

(−18.49, −9.28)

(−19.41, −8.36)

100 (strong)

age

−2.80 (0.77)

(−4.02, −1.55)

(−4.32, −1.22)

99.9 (strong)

sex (% male)

0.64 (0.63)

(−0.36, 1.65)

(−0.58, 1.93)

14.6