Extended Data Fig. 6. Salience network expansion in depression disproportionately affects heteromodal systems neighboring it, not unimodal sensorimotor networks.
a, On average across subjects, the majority of salience network expansion in depression affected either the Default-parietal, Frontoparietal, or Cingulo-opercular networks. In contrast, Salience network encroachment upon unimodal sensorimotor networks (for example, the visual, auditory, somatomotor subnetworks) was absent. b, The average map of Salience network encroachment was compared to 73 canonical maps of the brain’s functional and structural architecture (“annotations”) obtained from the neuromaps toolbox53 to help identify possible biological mechanisms for its expansion in individuals with depression. These maps are derived from a variety of independent molecular, microstructural, electrophysiological, developmental, and functional datasets. Spatial similarity was quantified using Spearman rank correlation, and statistical significance evaluated via spatial autocorrelation preserving null models. We observed multiple significant associations — including with principal gradients of functional connectivity and gene expression, and the spatial distribution of neurotransmitter receptors (μ-opioid, histamine H3 receptors), intracortical myelin, and individual variability in functional connectivity.