Table 1.
List of chemicals reported to alter methylation statuses, epimutagens
| Chemical | Characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hypermethylation | ||
| Butyrate | short‐chain fatty acid | (66) |
| Nickel | metal | (65) |
| Arsenic | metal | (67) |
| Phenobarbital | tumor promoting agent | (70) |
| NNK | tobacco‐specific carcinogen | (71) |
| Vinyl carbamate | urethane‐derived carcinogen | (71) |
| Methylene chloride | occupational carcinogen | (71) |
| Hypomethylation | ||
| 5‐aza‐C, 5‐aza‐dC | cytidine analog | (24) |
| Zebularine | cytidine analog | (68) |
| Ethionine | methionine analog | (72) |
| Arsenic | metal | (73, 74) |
| Procaine | anesthetic agent | (75) |
| Procainamide | antiarrhythmic agent | (76, 77) |
| Hydralazine | antihypertensive agent | (77) |
| Valproic acid | antiepileptic agent | (78) |
| EGCG | major polyphenol from green tee | (69) |
| Trichloroacetic acid | corrosive agent | (79) |
5‐aza‐C, 5‐azacytidine; 5‐aza‐dC. 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycitidine.