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. 2021 May 25;28(11):4742–4755. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01141-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A cOXT at low and high doses increased MEK1/2 phosphorylation in the PVN after 14 days. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Kruskal–Wallis H = 8.396; p = 0.015; Dunn’s Method *p < 0.05 vs VEH; n(VEH; 1 ng/h) = 7, n(10 ng/h) = 6. B ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by 10 ng/h cOXT treatment; n(VEH; 1 ng/h; 10 ng/h) = 7; pERK1: F(2;20) = 9.672; p = 0.001; Holm-Sidak *p = 0.001 VEH, 1 ng/h vs 10 ng/h; pERK2: Kruskal–Wallis H = 10.293 p = 0.006; Tukey Test VEH vs 10 ng/h *p < 0.05, 1 ng/h vs 10 ng/h *p < 0.05. C MEF2A total protein expression increased in PVN lysates of 10 ng/h cOXT-treated male rats. Kruskal–Wallis H = 7.156, p = 0.028; Dunn’s Method *p < 0.05 VEH versus 10 ng/h; n(VEH) = 6, n(1 ng/h) = 6, n(10 ng/h) = 7. D MEF2A DNA binding activity increased in PVN lysates after 14 days of chronic OXT at both doses and mild stress. Values are normalized to VEH. F(2;29) = 8.262, p = 0.002, Holm-Sidak *p = 0.05 vs VEH; n(VEH) = 7, n(1 ng/h) = 7, n(10 ng/h) = 16. In contrast to 14 days of cOXT treatment, MEF2A binding activity returned to basal, 5 days after the infusion had stopped (cOXT d14 + 5). Data are represented as fold changes in DNA-binding activity ±SEM. F(2,14) = 2.316, p = 0.141; n(VEH) = 5, n(1 ng cOXT) = 5, n(10 ng cOXT) = 5. No effects of acute intra-PVN OXT infusions have been observed on local MEF2A binding activity. t = 0.0938; two-tailed p value = 0,927, n(VEH) = 6, n(OXT) = 7; n for all groups n = 7. E Phosphorylation of Thr312 and Thr319 within MEF2A increased in both the high and the low treatment group, while Ser408 phosphorylation decreased after cOXT at 10 ng/h. pMEF2A Thr312: Kruskal–Wallis H = 9,106, p = 0.011; Tukey Test VEH vs 1 ng/h *p < 0.05; n(VEH) = 7, n(1 ng/h) = 7, n(10 ng/h) = 7. pMEF2A Thr319: F(2;17) = 41.139; p < 0.001; Holm-Sidak *p = 0.05 VEH versus 1 ng/h and 10 ng/h, and 1 ng/h versus 10 ng/h; n(VEH) = 6, n(1 ng/h) = 6, n(10 ng/h) = 6. pMEF2A Ser408: F(2;23) = 4.614; p = 0.022; Holm-Sidak *p = 0.033 VEH versus 10 ng/h cOXT; n(VEH) = 7, n(1 ng/h) = 10, n(10 ng/h) = 7. F Heat map of expression and phosphorylation levels of second messenger kinases and transcription factors downstream of the OXTR as analyzed by Western blot. Fold change below 1 (red) indicates downregulation, fold change of 1 (yellow) indicates no change, fold change bigger than 1 indicates upregulation (green). p values vs VEH included; n.s. not significant; n for all groups n = 7.