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Dose-dependent secretion of TNF-α by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Macrophages were cultured with increasing doses of S. typhosa (S.t.), P. gingivalis A7436, or P. gingivalis W50 LPS for 24 h. Culture supernatants were harvested, and TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA. Data is presented as means ± standard deviations for four replicates.
