Table 1.
Mechanisms underlying OS drug resistance mediated by exosomes.
| Cell origin of exosome | Exosome content | Target(s) | Resistant type | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOX-resistant cells | Chemotherapeutic drug | Promoting drug efflux | DOX resistance | DOX can be excreted through exosomes | (26) |
| DOX-resistant cells | P-gp | Promoting drug efflux | DOX resistance | Transferring drug resistance as well as P-gp from drug-resistant OS cells to sensitive ones | (27) |
| DOX-resistant cells | MDR-1 mRNA | P-gp | DOX resistance | In sensitive cells, encodes p-gp and promotes drug efflux from sensitive cells | (27) |
| HGOS cells | miR-25-3p | DKK3 | Unknown | Promotes tumor growth, invasion and drug resistance | (28) |
| DOX-resistant cells | lncRNA ANCR | Unknown | DOX resistance | Promotes tumor growth, invasion and drug resistance | (29) |
| CDDP-resistant cells | HSA_CIRC_103801 | Unknown | CDDP resistance | Reduced cellular sensitivity to CDDP and increased expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and P-gp | (30) |
DOX, doxorubicin; CDDP, cisplatin; HGOS, high-grade osteosarcoma; MDR-1, multidrug resistance-1; DKK3, dickkopf WNT signal pathway inhibitor 3; P-gp, permeability glycoprotein.